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Endocrinology: Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

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What is Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. As a result, the body’s cells can’t effectively use insulin, which leads to the accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream.

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Symptoms may develop gradually and include:

frequent urination;

persistent thirst;

numbness or tingling in the hands or feet;

slow healing of wounds or infections.

How is the condition characterized?

Type 2 diabetes typically develops in adults, although in recent years, it has also been diagnosed in children and adolescents due to the rising rates of obesity. The disease is often associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, including a lack of physical activity and an unbalanced diet.

Complications of Type 2 Diabetes

Patients with Type 2 diabetes may face various complications, such as:

an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases;
nerve damage (neuropathy), which can lead to loss of sensation in the limbs;
kidney damage (nephropathy);
eye damage (retinopathy), which can lead to blindness;
slower wound healing, increasing the risk of infections;
a higher risk of strokes;
metabolic disturbances, which may lead to additional health problems.

How do MSCs work for Type 2 Diabetes?

In treating Type 2 diabetes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are introduced into the patient's body, where they can act through several mechanisms:

Regeneration of beta cells

MSCs can transform into beta cells, improving insulin production.

Reducing inflammation

MSCs possess anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce overall inflammation in the body.

Improving insulin resistance

MSCs can enhance the sensitivity of cells to insulin, allowing the body to use glucose more effectively.

Healing ulcers

The ability of adult stem cells to convert into vascular cells and produce various endothelial growth factors promotes the formation of new blood vessels (neovascularization) in the affected limb. Stem cells create new bypass networks, circumventing areas of narrowing. This process restores blood circulation, improving the nourishment and oxygen supply to the lower limbs.